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Color theory investigates the relationships between hues, contrasts, and harmonies, providing a scientific framework for understanding visual perception and design. Central to the theory are principles such as the color wheel, complementary and analogous relationships, and the distinction between additive and subtractive color mixing. Additive color, based on light, combines red, green, and blue to produce white, while subtractive color, based on pigments, relies on cyan, magenta, and yellow to absorb and reflect wavelengths. Concepts like hue, saturation, and value allow precise description and manipulation of color, influencing depth, contrast, and emotional impact in visual compositions. Further studies in optics and human vision explore phenomena such as simultaneous contrast, afterimages, and color constancy, demonstrating that perception depends not only on wavelength but also on context and interaction with surrounding colors. By combining physics, physiology, and psychology, color theory provides a rigorous foundation for predicting how colors behave and how they are experienced in both natural and designed environments.